自体心理学简介(中英文对照)

中国自体心理学网 2008-8-20 15:09:05

Heinz Kohut developed self-psychology theory at about the same time that Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy - both were at the University of Chicago. At it's core, self psychology is psychoanalytic, but there are crucial differences in how the patient-therapist relationship is viewed. In psychoanalytic theory, the psychoanalyst keeps an emotional distance from the patient in order to objectively analyze the information received from the patient. In self psychology, the therapist uses empathy to gain the patient's trust. Once the patient trusts the therapist, he or she will talk more, thus enabling the therapist to gather more and better information and thus to make more accurate interpretations.

在卡尔．罗杰斯创立当事人中心治疗的同期，海因茨．科胡特创立了自体心理学理论——两人都在芝加哥大学工作。自体心理学的核心是精神分析，但在如何看待患者-治疗师关系方面，自体心理学和精神分析有着根本性的不同。在精神分析理论中，精神分析师保持与患者的情感距离，以便客观地分析从患者那里接收到的信息。而在自体心理学中，治疗师使用共情来获得患者的信任。一旦患者信任了治疗师，患者就会更多地讲话，从而使治疗师收集到更多更好的信息，进而做出更精确的解析。

Self psychological theory proposes that healthy self-development proceeds from adequate responsiveness of caregivers to the child's vital emotional needs, including alterego needs, idealizing needs, and mirroring needs.

自体心理学理论提出，健康的自体发展来自儿童照看者对儿童的重要情感需要做出的足够响应，这些重要情感需要包括他我需要、理想化需要和镜像需要。

Alterego Needs: Children need to have involvement with other beings like themselves.

他我需要(Alterego Needs)：儿童需要与类似于自己的其他存在物建立关联。

Idealizing Needs: Children need to feel attached to an emotionally stable caregiver who can soothe and calm them.

理想化需要(Idealizing Needs)：儿童需要依附于一个能使自己平静并获得安慰的情感稳定的照看者。

Mirroring Needs: Children need to feel understood and appreciated, that their feelings mean something.

镜像需要(Mirroring Needs)：儿童需要感到被理解和被赏识、需要感到自己的情感具有含义。

If these needs are not met in childhood, and throughout the lifespan, problems will occur. Neglectful parenting - either physical or emotional neglect or worse - abuse - can result in derailments of self development and impair the individual's ability to form healthy relationships. Adequate parental responsiveness to the child's affect states (moods and feelings) is particularly vital if the child is to achieve affect differentiation (emotional health and stability) and tolerance.

如果在童年期和随后生命期中这些需要未被满足，就会出现问题。疏忽的抚育——无论是身体或情感忽视或更糟糕——虐待——会导致自体发展的脱轨，并削弱个体建立健康关系的能力。要使儿童实现情感分化（情绪健康与稳定）并获得忍耐力，儿童的情感状态（情绪和感情）应得到足够的抚育响应，这是特别至关重要的。

Self psychology stresses that individuals need relationships throughout life (relationships that serve to evoke and maintain the integrity and cohesiveness of the self will always be required). Insufficient selfobject responsiveness may lead to fragmentation, a distressing affective (emotional) and cognitive (mental - thoughts) state indicating threatened self-cohesion. Fragmentation experiences may range from mild dysphoria (a general feeling of ill being, anxiety, discontent, and physical discomfort) to a panicked sense of impending annihilation or disintegration.

自体心理学强调个体贯穿于一生都需要关系（这些关系唤起并维持自体的完整性和内聚性）。不充足的自体客体响应可能会导致分裂，这是一种痛苦的情感（情绪）和认知（心智-意念）状态，它标志着自体的内聚性受到威胁。分裂体验可以是轻微的烦躁不安（一般性的不舒适、焦虑、不满、躯体不适感），也可以是面临毁灭或解体时的惊慌感。

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